This guide provides an evidence-ranked, mechanism-first framework for protective care in corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). It is designed for clinical discussions with a neurologist and multidisciplinary team, not for self-prescribing. CBS/PSP are usually progressive 4-repeat tauopathies, and no intervention has yet shown definitive disease modification in large phase 3 PSP/CBS trials.[@hglinger2017][@dickson2010][@boxer2014]
The practical goal is to combine interventions that are biologically coherent, low-risk, and implementable now while continuing enrollment in high-quality clinical trials. This page ranks interventions using an 8-dimension rubric and provides a structured, actionable plan.[@litvan1996][@williams2009][@armstrong2013]
- Build a personalized baseline plan from Tier 1 and Tier 2 items.
- Add Tier 3 options selectively when risk-benefit is acceptable.
- Reassess every 8 to 12 weeks using objective outcomes: falls, gait speed, timed up-and-go, swallowing events, sleep continuity, and caregiver burden.
- Re-rank interventions at each review because disease stage, tolerance, and priorities change.
¶ Rubric (0-10 per domain; max 80)
| Domain |
What 10 means |
| Mechanistic Clarity |
Directly maps to known CBS/PSP pathobiology |
| Clinical Evidence |
Strong, replicated human trial signal |
| Preclinical Evidence |
Convergent model evidence across labs |
| Replication |
Multiple independent groups reproduce findings |
| Effect Size |
Clinically meaningful benefit |
| Safety/Tolerability |
Low risk and manageable monitoring |
| Biological Plausibility |
Strong fit for 4R tauopathy biology |
| Actionability |
Accessible now with clear protocol |
- Tier 1 (50+): Strongly recommended as baseline care if feasible.
- Tier 2 (35-49): Reasonable to consider with clinician guidance.
- Tier 3 (20-34): Emerging/conditional; use selectively.
- Tier 4 (<20): Speculative; monitor research.
| Intervention |
Mech |
Clin |
Preclin |
Repl |
Effect |
Safety |
Plaus |
Action |
Total/80 |
Tier |
| Structured exercise program (aerobic + resistance + balance + gait) |
8 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
61 |
Tier 1 |
| Sleep stabilization + apnea evaluation/treatment |
9 |
6 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
8 |
9 |
8 |
59 |
Tier 1 |
| Multidisciplinary rehabilitation (PT/OT/SLP + fall prevention) |
8 |
7 |
5 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
9 |
59 |
Tier 1 |
| Mediterranean/MIND-style dietary pattern |
7 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
54 |
Tier 1 |
| Cognitive + social engagement plan |
6 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
9 |
6 |
9 |
52 |
Tier 1 |
| Stress reduction and caregiver-mediated behavioral protocols |
6 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
9 |
6 |
8 |
49 |
Tier 2 |
| Omega-3 (DHA/EPA) repletion strategy |
6 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
8 |
47 |
Tier 2 |
| Vitamin D deficiency correction |
5 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
9 |
5 |
9 |
45 |
Tier 2 |
| Melatonin for circadian/sleep consolidation |
6 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
8 |
45 |
Tier 2 |
| Rasagiline (off-label neuroprotection discussion) |
6 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
44 |
Tier 2 |
| Creatine (energy-buffer strategy) |
6 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
42 |
Tier 2 |
| CoQ10 / mitochondrial support |
6 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
8 |
6 |
7 |
42 |
Tier 2 |
| Curcumin (bioavailability-limited) |
6 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
38 |
Tier 2 |
| NAC / NACET class (oxidative stress support) |
7 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
7 |
6 |
39 |
Tier 2 |
| Lithium low-dose (strict monitoring required) |
7 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
34 |
Tier 3 |
| Deferiprone (iron-targeting; narrow indications) |
6 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
28 |
Tier 3 |
| Spermidine/fasting-style autophagy protocols |
7 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
7 |
4 |
34 |
Tier 3 |
| Resveratrol / polyphenol high-dose strategies |
5 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
31 |
Tier 3 |
¶ 1) Exercise and Physical Activity
Exercise has the strongest practical evidence base for neuroprotection-oriented care in parkinsonian and dementia syndromes, even though direct PSP/CBS disease-modifying proof remains limited. The protective rationale is multimodal: improved cardiorespiratory fitness, neurotrophic signaling (including BDNF), anti-inflammatory signaling, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial resilience, sleep quality, and falls-risk reduction.[@erickson2011][@ahlskog2011][@mak2022][@schenkman2018]
- PSP/CBS morbidity is strongly driven by falls, gait failure, deconditioning, dysphagia progression, and loss of functional reserve.
- Exercise and targeted rehabilitation can slow functional collapse even when underlying tau pathology continues to progress.
- In PSP/CBS, emphasis should be axial stability, turning strategy, transfer mechanics, and caregiver-assisted safety drills rather than only step count.
- Aerobic: 120 to 180 minutes/week moderate intensity (split across 3 to 5 sessions), adjusted for orthostatic symptoms and fall risk.
- Resistance: 2 to 3 sessions/week, major muscle groups, progressive overload with supervision.
- Balance and gait: 3 to 5 short sessions/week focused on cueing, dual-task limitation, turning, and reactive balance.
- Flexibility/posture: daily short routines, especially neck/trunk extension and ankle mobility.
- Safety: harness-supported treadmill or close-guarded overground training for high-fall phenotypes.
- Forced-amplitude strategies adapted from PD paradigms may improve movement scaling and transfers in selected PSP/CBS patients.[@farley2005][@ebersbach2015]
- Tai chi and similar balance-focused programs have robust falls/balance evidence in PD and older adults and can be adapted when cognition permits.[@li2012][@wayne2014]
- Occupational-therapy-guided home modification is mandatory in frequent-fall phenotypes.[@laver2016]
Sleep disruption is both a symptom and a potential amplifier of tauopathy biology. Sleep loss and fragmentation are associated with impaired glymphatic/perivascular clearance physiology and higher extracellular/CSF tau dynamics in translational studies.[@xie2013][@holth2019][@fultz2019][@musiek2016]
- Fixed wake time 7 days/week.
- Morning light exposure and daytime activity anchor.
- Consolidated time-in-bed to reduce fragmentation.
- Sleep-disordered breathing screening and treatment when present.
- Melatonin as chronobiotic adjunct where appropriate.
- Nighttime falls and confusion are common in PSP and can offset any daytime gains from therapy.
- Bulbar dysfunction and nocturnal aspiration risk may worsen sleep continuity.
- Sleep plans should integrate caregiver workflow and nighttime hazard reduction.
Supplements should be framed as adjunctive risk-modifying attempts, not disease-modifying certainty. Priority is given to low-risk correction of clear biological deficits, then to compounds with plausible mechanisms and acceptable safety.
- Mechanism: membrane stability, anti-inflammatory mediators, synaptic support.
- Human evidence: mixed cognitive outcomes; signal is stronger in prevention/early stages than advanced disease.[@yurkomauro2010][@van2008]
- Practical use: prioritize food-first (fatty fish pattern), then supplement when intake is low.
- Mechanism: immunomodulatory, neurosteroid-like effects, muscle function support.
- Human evidence: strongest for correcting deficiency-related risk states; less clear for direct disease-modification in established PSP/CBS.[@annweiler2010][@jayedi2019]
- Practical use: treat deficiency to target range; avoid megadosing.
- Mechanism: mitochondrial electron transport support and antioxidant effects.
- Human evidence: mixed/mostly negative in several neurodegeneration programs, but biologically coherent in mitochondrial-vulnerable phenotypes.[@stamelou2008][@beal2014]
- Practical use: consider only as adjunct after core Tier 1 care is established.
- Mechanism: phosphocreatine energy buffering, potential mitochondrial stress resilience.
- Human evidence: inconsistent in major neurodegeneration trials; safety usually acceptable with renal monitoring in risk groups.[@hersch2017][@bender2006]
- Practical use: optional Tier 2 adjunct; reassess for objective functional benefit.
- Mechanism: glutathione support and oxidative stress buffering.
- Human evidence: limited and heterogeneous; stronger mechanistic than clinical certainty in PSP/CBS.
- Practical use: consider only with realistic expectations and medication reconciliation.
- Mechanism: anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregation plausibility.
- Human evidence: bioavailability and formulation variability remain major limitations.[@ng2006][@small2018]
- Practical use: lower priority than exercise, sleep, rehab, and dietary pattern change.
Diet quality is one of the few scalable interventions with broad cardiometabolic, vascular, inflammatory, and cognitive effects. For CBS/PSP, diet should target resilience and comorbidity reduction rather than a single “tau diet.”[@scarmeas2006][@morris2015][@vallspedret2015]
- High intake: leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, extra-virgin olive oil, whole grains, fish.
- Moderate intake: fermented dairy, poultry.
- Low intake: refined carbohydrates, processed meats, added sugars, ultra-processed foods.
- Strong general brain-health and vascular-protection evidence.
- Improves frailty, constipation burden, and metabolic factors that worsen functional decline.
- Easy to combine with caregiver-supported meal routines.
- Start with 2-3 durable substitutions/week (e.g., olive oil for butter, fish twice weekly, berries/greens daily).
- Align with swallowing-safe texture plans in dysphagia-prone patients.
Cognitive reserve and continued cognitive activation are associated with slower functional deterioration in multiple neurodegenerative contexts, even if direct PSP/CBS trial data remain limited.[@stern2012][@ngandu2015]
- 30 to 60 minutes/day of structured cognitive tasks matched to ability.
- Focus on practical executive tasks: sequencing, route-planning, dual-step tasks.
- Use errorless learning principles for apraxia/executive phenotypes.
- Integrate with speech-language therapy when communication deficits emerge.
- Overly difficult tasks that amplify frustration and disengagement.
- Passive “screen time only” plans without adaptive progression.
Chronic stress biology (HPA axis dysregulation, glucocorticoid excess, inflammatory signaling) is mechanistically linked to neuronal vulnerability and tau-related processes in preclinical and human translational literature.[@sotiropoulos2011][@irwin2019]
- Brief daily breathing/mindfulness blocks (10-20 minutes).
- Caregiver-mediated de-escalation routines.
- Scheduled restorative activity (music, guided imagery, outdoor walking where safe).
- Proactive management of pain, urinary urgency, constipation, and sleep triggers that escalate stress load.
Social isolation is associated with higher cognitive decline and worse neuropsychiatric trajectory in aging and neurodegeneration cohorts.[@livingston2020][@kuiper2015]
- At least 3 socially meaningful contacts/week (in-person or high-quality video).
- 1 structured group activity/week where feasible (support group, adapted class, therapy group).
- Formal caregiver support pathway to reduce burnout-related care instability.
Trial participation is a high-value action because it may provide access to disease-modifying candidates and improves future care standards.
- Anti-tau antibodies (including PSP-targeted programs; several class setbacks but continued development).[@boxer2014][@jabbari2021]
- Tau-lowering antisense oligonucleotides (early proof-of-mechanism in humans).[@qureshi2023]
- Symptomatic and circuit-level interventions (gait, balance, oculomotor, speech/swallowing endpoints).
- Use ClinicalTrials.gov with terms:
progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, 4R tauopathy.
- Review with a movement-disorders or cognitive-neurology specialist before enrollment.
- Prefer biomarker-enabled protocols when available.
These should be handled as individualized specialist decisions with explicit stop-rules.
Rationale: MAO-B inhibition plus proposed mitochondrial and anti-apoptotic signaling effects. Human data for disease modification are mixed and disorder-specific; still a reasonable discussion item in selected patients when symptom profile and risk profile align.[@olanow2009][@bensimon2009]
Rationale: GSK3beta modulation, autophagy-related signaling, potential tau-phosphorylation relevance. Clinical evidence in PSP/CBS is insufficient; narrow therapeutic index requires lab monitoring (renal, thyroid, electrolytes) and drug-interaction review.[@forlenza2014][@hampel2019]
Rationale: iron dysregulation in vulnerable basal ganglia and related oxidative stress pathways. Evidence remains early and indication-specific; hematologic toxicity risk demands strict monitoring.[@martinbastida2017][@sun2021]
In CBS/PSP, multidisciplinary rehabilitation is central, not supplemental.
- Gait strategy, turning, transfer practice, fall recovery, caregiver transfer training.
- Home/environment adaptation, cueing systems for apraxia, adaptive equipment.
- Dysarthria and dysphagia assessment, aspiration-risk mitigation, communication support.
¶ Palliative and supportive care integration
- Early palliative framing improves symptom control, anticipatory planning, and caregiver resilience.[@oliver2016][@kluger2017]
¶ Week 0-2 (Stabilize and de-risk)
- Falls-risk review and urgent home safety fixes.
- Start sleep anchor protocol and daytime activity schedule.
- Start supervised mixed exercise plan at tolerable dose.
- Correct major reversible contributors: dehydration, malnutrition, severe sleep fragmentation, untreated pain.
- Progress aerobic/resistance dose by tolerance.
- Add caregiver-led daily balance/transfer drills.
- Implement Mediterranean/MIND meal pattern shifts.
- Add cognitive-social schedule with measurable adherence.
¶ Week 7-12 (Optimize and personalize)
- Add selected Tier 2 adjuncts if core plan is stable.
- Review trial opportunities and referral pathways.
- Re-score intervention set using outcomes: falls, gait speed, ADL function, sleep continuity, caregiver strain.
¶ Red Flags and Stop Rules
- Rapid increase in falls, orthostatic symptoms, confusion, or aspiration events.
- Supplement polypharmacy without objective benefit.
- Sedative burden worsening gait/speech/swallow.
- Off-label medications without clear monitoring plan.
- Mixed exercise and rehabilitation plan with explicit fall-prevention drills.
- Sleep stabilization protocol with apnea-risk screening.
- Caregiver education on transfer safety, cueing, and escalation triggers.
- Baseline nutrition review with Mediterranean/MIND substitutions.
These interventions are prioritized because they have broad physiologic benefits, relatively low medication conflict risk, and direct relevance to daily disability trajectories in CBS/PSP.[@erickson2011][@mak2022][@xie2013][@scarmeas2006]
- Omega-3 repletion when dietary intake is low.
- Vitamin D correction when laboratory deficiency exists.
- Melatonin for circadian anchoring and sleep consolidation when non-pharmacologic sleep steps are insufficient.
- Structured cognitive and social schedule with weekly adherence targets.
Priority B is useful when core adherence is already strong and when the patient/family can sustain added complexity.[@yurkomauro2010][@annweiler2010][@jayedi2019][@stern2012]
- Rasagiline, lithium, deferiprone, or related off-label options in carefully selected patients.
- Autophagy-focused nutritional/pharmacologic experiments (fasting variants, spermidine-like strategies) only when risk profile and monitoring capacity are adequate.
These options may offer mechanistic alignment for some patients but carry greater uncertainty or monitoring burden.[@olanow2009][@forlenza2014][@martinbastida2017]
¶ Contraindications and Caution Flags by Strategy
| Strategy |
Typical cautions |
Practical mitigation |
| Aerobic and balance training |
High fall risk, orthostatic hypotension, severe freezing |
Supervised starts, harness/caregiver guarding, short intervals |
| Resistance training |
Frailty, recent injury, joint instability |
Lower-load progressions, therapist-guided form |
| Melatonin and sleep aids |
Morning sedation, nocturnal confusion |
Start low, early evening dosing, reassess weekly |
| Omega-3 supplements |
Bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients |
Coordinate with prescriber, conservative dosing |
| Creatine |
Renal risk in susceptible patients |
Baseline/interval renal labs, hydration guidance |
| Lithium |
Renal/thyroid toxicity and drug interactions |
Strict lab schedule, interaction checks, stop-rules |
| Deferiprone |
Hematologic toxicity risk |
Specialist-only prescribing with CBC monitoring |
To prevent “intervention drift,” track a small set of outcomes every 2 to 4 weeks and stop strategies that do not produce meaningful gains.
- Falls and near-falls per week.
- Gait speed or timed up-and-go trend.
- Transfer assistance level (independent, supervision, one-person assist, two-person assist).
- Swallowing safety events (coughing/choking episodes, aspiration concerns).
- Sleep continuity (night awakenings, total sleep time, daytime sleepiness burden).
- Caregiver burden and stress score (simple 0-10 weekly check-in).
- Continue: clear objective improvement with acceptable burden.
- Modify: partial benefit with practical barriers.
- Stop: no measurable gain after adequate trial or unacceptable adverse effects.
This measurement-first approach is especially important in rapidly progressive phenotypes where low-value interventions can consume limited caregiver energy and reduce adherence to high-value essentials.[@livingston2020][@oliver2016]
Several interventions rank highly for biologic plausibility but remain underpowered in syndrome-specific human trials:
- Exercise dose-response in PSP/CBS: data are often extrapolated from PD or mixed atypical parkinsonism cohorts.
- Sleep-targeted disease-modification effects: strong mechanistic signal, limited PSP/CBS longitudinal interventional proof.
- Biomarker-guided adjunct sequencing: few studies link intervention exposure directly to fluid/imaging tau dynamics in 4R tauopathy cohorts.
- Off-label combination strategies: real-world use is common, but controlled comparative evidence is sparse.
Because of these gaps, the safest framework is a layered plan anchored in high-value conservative interventions plus active trial participation rather than aggressive unsupervised polypharmacy.[@boxer2014][@jabbari2021][@qureshi2023]
¶ Patient and Caregiver Quick Checklist
- Have we implemented a weekly exercise-rehab schedule with safety supervision?
- Has sleep been stabilized with a fixed wake anchor and apnea evaluation where indicated?
- Is the home environment configured for fall reduction and transfer safety?
- Are diet and hydration plans realistic for current swallowing and caregiver capacity?
- Do we have a simple dashboard for falls, function, sleep, and caregiver strain?
- Are all supplements/off-label medications tied to explicit goals and stop-rules?
- Have we reviewed active CBS/PSP clinical trials this quarter?
flowchart TD
A["Core CBS/PSP Biology<br/>4R tauopathy, network vulnerability → BMotor decline and falls"]
A --> C["Sleep fragmentation"]
A --> D["Executive/apraxic burden"]
A --> E["Caregiver strain"]
FStructured Exercise + R["ehab"] --> B
F --> G["Neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory signaling"]
HSleep stabilization + apnea treatment --> C
H --> I["Potentially improved tau clearance physiology"]
J["Mediterranean/MIND dietary pattern"] --> K["Cardiometabolic and inflammatory risk reduction"]
LCognitive + social engagement --> M["Reserve and behavioral resilience"]
N["Selective adjunct pharmacology"] --> O["Targeted mechanistic support"]
G --> P["Functional preservation"]
I --> P
K --> P
M --> P
O --> P
P --> Q["Slower functional deterioration trajectory"]
- The highest-confidence package today is not a single molecule. It is disciplined, combined implementation of exercise, sleep optimization, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation.
- Diet quality, cognitive-social engagement, and stress reduction are high-value amplifiers with favorable safety.
- Supplements and off-label drugs should remain secondary, measured, and stop-rule based.
- Clinical trial participation is strongly recommended whenever feasible.
Use this navigation hub to coordinate this ranking page with disease, mechanism, biomarker, and implementation guides used in multidisciplinary CBS/PSP care.
- Disease context: Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS), Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), PSP Genetic Variants, Primary Age-Related Tauopathy
- Mechanistic context: 4R Tauopathy Mechanisms, Cortisol-Tau Pathway, Gut-Brain Axis in Tauopathy, Sleep and Glymphatic Tau Clearance in Tauopathies, Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation Pathway
- Biomarker pages: Tau PET in CBS/PSP, MRI Atrophy Patterns in CBS/PSP, DTI White Matter Changes in CBS/PSP, Biomarkers for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, CSF Biomarkers for Corticobasal Syndrome and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Plasma Biomarkers for Corticobasal Syndrome and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
- Operational care guides: CBS/PSP Daily Action Plan, CBS/PSP Rehabilitation Guide, CBS/PSP Clinical Trials Guide, Exercise and Physical Activity for CBS/PSP, Cognitive Reserve Strategies for CBS and PSP, Mitochondrial Support Strategies for CBS/PSP
- Related intervention monographs: Melatonin for Tauopathy, Low-Dose Lithium for Tauopathy, Rapamycin for Tauopathy, NACET (N-Acetylcysteine Ethyl Ester), Rasagiline, Coenzyme Q10 for Neurodegeneration, Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Neurodegeneration, Curcumin for Neurodegeneration, Vitamin D Therapy for Neurodegeneration, Mediterranean and MIND Diets for Neurodegeneration
¶ Mechanisms and Pathways
¶ Cell Type and Circuit Nodes
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- Dickson DW, Neuropathology of non-Alzheimer degenerative disorders (2010)
- Boxer AL, Lang AE, Grossman M, et al, Davunetide in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial (2014)
- Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, et al, Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (1996)
- Williams DR, Lees AJ, Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinicopathological concepts and diagnostic challenges (2009)
- Armstrong MJ, Litvan I, Lang AE, et al, Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration (2013)
- Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al, Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory (2011)
- Ahlskog JE, Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease? (2011)
- Mak MKY, Wong-Yu ISK, Shen X, Chung CLH, Exercise for Parkinson's disease: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2022)
- Schenkman M, Moore CG, Kohrt WM, et al, Effect of high-intensity treadmill exercise on motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson disease (2018)
- Farley BG, Koshland GF, Training BIG to move faster: the application of the speed-amplitude relation as a rehabilitation strategy for people with Parkinson's disease (2005)
- Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Edler D, et al, Comparing exercise in Parkinson's disease-the Berlin LSVT BIG study (2015)
- Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, et al, Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson's disease (2012)
- Wayne PM, Berkowitz DL, Litrownik D, et al, What do we really know about the safety and efficacy of Tai Chi? A systematic review of adverse event reports in randomized trials (2014)
- Laver K, Cumming RG, Dyer SM, et al, Clinical practice guidelines for dementia in Australia (2016)
- Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, et al, Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain (2013)
- Holth JK, Fritschi SK, Wang C, et al, The sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans (2019)
- Fultz NE, Bonmassar G, Setsompop K, et al, Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep (2019)
- Musiek ES, Holtzman DM, Mechanisms linking circadian clocks, sleep, and neurodegeneration (2016)
- Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D, et al, Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline (2010)
- van de Rest O, Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, et al, Effect of fish-oil supplementation on cognitive performance in older subjects (2008)
- Annweiler C, Schott AM, Berrut G, et al, Vitamin D and ageing: neurological issues (2010)
- Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Shab-Bidar S, Vitamin D status and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of dose-response (2019)
- Stamelou M, Reuss A, Pilatus U, et al, Short-term effects of coenzyme Q10 in progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2008)
- Beal MF, Oakes D, Shoulson I, et al, A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: no evidence of benefit (2014)
- Hersch SM, Schifitto G, Oakes D, et al, The CREST-E study of creatine for Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial (2017)
- Bender A, Koch W, Elstner M, et al, Creatine supplementation in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial (2006)
- Ng TP, Chiam PC, Lee T, et al, Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly (2006)
- Small GW, Siddarth P, Li Z, et al, Memory and brain amyloid and tau effects of a bioavailable form of curcumin in non-demented adults (2018)
- Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Tang MX, et al, Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer's disease (2006)
- Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al, MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease (2015)
- Valls-Pedret C, Sala-Vila A, Serra-Mir M, et al, Mediterranean diet and age-related cognitive decline: a randomized clinical trial (2015)
- Stern Y, Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease (2012)
- Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, et al, A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER) (2015)
- Sotiropoulos I, Catania C, Pinto LG, et al, Stress acts cumulatively to precipitate Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology and cognitive deficits (2011)
- Irwin MR, Vitiello MV, Implications of sleep disturbance and inflammation for Alzheimer's disease dementia (2019)
- Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al, Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020)
- Kuiper JS, Zuidersma M, Oude Voshaar RC, et al, Social relationships and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies (2015)
- Jabbari E, Woodside J, Tan MMX, et al, Prognostic and predictive factors in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome: systematic review (2021)
- Qureshi I, Tirucherai G, Ahlijanian MK, et al, A novel tau-targeting antisense oligonucleotide for Alzheimer's disease: phase 1b trial results (2023)
- Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, et al, A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson's disease (2009)
- Bensimon G, Ludolph A, Agid Y, et al, Riluzole treatment, survival and diagnostic criteria in Parkinson plus disorders: the NNIPPS study (2009)
- Forlenza OV, De-Paula VJ, Diniz BS, Neuroprotective effects of lithium: implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders (2014)
- Hampel H, Lista S, Mango D, et al, Lithium as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: the systems pharmacology perspective (2019)
- Martin-Bastida A, Ward RJ, Newbould R, et al, Brain iron chelation by deferiprone in Parkinson's disease (2017)
- Sun L, Zhang S, Guo P, et al, Iron metabolism dysregulation and ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases (2021)
- Oliver DJ, Borasio GD, Caraceni A, et al, A consensus review on palliative care in progressive neurological disease (2016)
- Kluger BM, Miyasaki J, Katz M, Galifianakis NB, Hall K, Pantilat SZ, Comparison of integrated outpatient palliative care among Parkinson disease and related disorders (2017)