Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation (FUS) is a non-invasive technique that uses focused acoustic energy to modulate neural activity in specific brain regions. Unlike surgical interventions, FUS achieves targeted neuromodulation without craniotomy or implanted devices, making it particularly attractive for treating neurodegenerative diseases where patient safety and minimally invasive approaches are paramount.[1]
The technology works by delivering precisely focused ultrasound waves to a specific brain target, where mechanical pressure waves interact with neuronal membranes and can either excite or inhibit neural firing depending on the ultrasound parameters (frequency, intensity, duration).[2]
FUS modulates neural activity through several biophysical mechanisms:
FUS shows particular promise for PD treatment:
FUS applications in AD include:
Emerging applications include:
| Company | Device | Approval | Target |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insightec | Exablate Neuro | FDA (2020) | Thalamus for essential tremor |
| Insightec | Exablate Neuro | FDA (2022) | PD tremor |
| Theraclion | EchoMagic | CE Mark | Various neurological targets |
| Parameter | Typical Range | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | 0.2–2.0 MHz | Lower = deeper penetration |
| Intensity | 0.1–3.0 W/cm² | Higher = stronger modulation |
| Duration | 0.5–30 seconds | Longer = more sustained effects |
| Target Size | 2–10 mm diameter | Precision of focus |
Tyler et al. (2018). Focused ultrasound: A novel tool for neuromodulation. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2018. ↩︎
Maher et al. (2019). Ultrasound neuromodulation: A review of current status and future directions. Brain Stimulation. 2019. ↩︎
Burgess et al. (2021). Blood-brain barrier opening with focused ultrasound for drug delivery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2021. ↩︎
Pouget et al. (2020). Emerging opportunities and challenges for focused ultrasound in neurology. Brain. 2020. ↩︎
Food and Drug Administration (2022). Exablate Neuro: FDA Approval Summary. 2022. ↩︎
Leinenga et al. (2015). Scanning ultrasound removes amyloid-β and restores memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Science Translational Medicine. 2015. ↩︎
Elias et al. (2016). A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. ↩︎
Jordão et al. (2019). Antibody delivery and immune cell activation by focused ultrasound enhances amyloid clearance in Alzheimer's disease models. Nature Communications. 2019. ↩︎