Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) modulates brain networks through peripheral-cerebral connections.
VNS involves:
- Implanted device
- Left cervical vagus
- Intermittent stimulation
- Multiple indications
- Primary vagal target
- Brainstem integration
- Autonomic processing
- Noradrenergic projections
- Mood effects
- Arousal modulation
- Serotonergic projections
- Mood/anxiety
- Pain modulation
- Sensory relay
- Multi-modal integration
- Pain processing
- Sensory vagal fibers
- Brainstem integration
- Distributed effects
- NE modulation
- 5-HT effects
- GABA changes
- Cholinergic anti-inflammatory
- Cytokine reduction
- Neuroinflammation
- Adjunctive therapy
- Seizure reduction
- Refractory cases
- Treatment-resistant
- Adjunctive
- Mood improvement
- Anti-inflammatory
- Reduced disease activity
- Emerging
- Cognitive effects
- Neuroinflammation
- Clinical trials
- Acute treatment
- Prevention
- Mixed results
- Infection
- Nerve damage
- Device complications
- Hoarseness
- Cough
- Tingling
- VNS mechanisms (2022)
- VNS for depression (2021)